Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados
Barbados: Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate was -0.237 % change on previous year in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados, 1751–2022
Source: Statizoid (derived). Measured in % change on previous year.
Analysis
Barbados recorded -0.237 % change on previous year for sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in 2022.
The figure is down 102.0% on the previous year and down 100.6% over ten years.
Over the whole period, sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados peaked at 201.41 % change on previous year in 1990 and was at its lowest, -74.28 % change on previous year, in 2002.
Barbados ranks 151st of 219 countries on this measure, in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados, year by year
| Year | % change on previous year | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1751 | 0.7744 % change on previous year | — |
| 1752 | 0.767 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1753 | 0.7611 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1754 | 0.7547 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1755 | 0.7483 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1756 | 0.7413 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1757 | 0.7358 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1758 | 0.7298 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1759 | 0.7238 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1760 | 0.7179 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1761 | 0.7696 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1762 | 0.763 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1763 | 0.7566 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1764 | 0.7495 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1765 | 0.744 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1766 | 0.7371 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1767 | 0.7311 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1768 | 0.7251 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1769 | 0.7192 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1770 | 0.7128 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1771 | 0.7644 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1772 | 0.758 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1773 | 0.7517 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1774 | 0.7448 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1775 | 0.7387 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1776 | 0.732 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1777 | 0.7261 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1778 | 0.7202 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1779 | 0.7139 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1780 | 0.7082 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1781 | 0.7589 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1782 | 0.7526 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1783 | 0.7458 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1784 | 0.7391 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1785 | 0.7331 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1786 | 0.7266 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1787 | 0.7208 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1788 | 0.7145 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1789 | 0.7083 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1790 | 0.7022 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1791 | 0.7529 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1792 | 0.7462 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1793 | 0.7396 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1794 | 0.7331 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1795 | 0.7272 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1796 | 0.7203 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1797 | 0.7141 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1798 | 0.708 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1799 | 0.7025 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1800 | 0.696 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1801 | 0.7461 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1802 | 0.7395 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1803 | 0.7326 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1804 | 0.7262 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1805 | 0.72 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1806 | 0.7133 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1807 | 0.7073 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1808 | 0.7014 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1809 | 0.695 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1810 | 0.6892 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1811 | 0.7385 % change on previous year | +7.1% |
| 1812 | 0.7317 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1813 | 0.7254 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1814 | 0.7183 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1815 | 0.7122 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1816 | 0.7063 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1817 | 0.6995 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1818 | 0.6937 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1819 | 0.6875 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1820 | 0.6815 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1821 | 0.7299 % change on previous year | +7.1% |
| 1822 | 0.7232 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1823 | 0.7167 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1824 | 0.7099 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1825 | 0.704 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1826 | 0.6973 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1827 | 0.6912 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1828 | 0.6848 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1829 | 0.6788 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1830 | 0.673 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1831 | 0.7208 % change on previous year | +7.1% |
| 1832 | 0.7136 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1833 | 0.7073 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1834 | 0.7007 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1835 | 0.6942 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1836 | 0.6878 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1837 | 0.6815 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1838 | 0.6753 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1839 | 0.6696 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1840 | 0.6635 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1841 | 0.71 % change on previous year | +7.0% |
| 1842 | 0.7034 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1843 | 0.6966 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1844 | 0.6899 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1845 | 0.6836 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1846 | 0.6771 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1847 | 0.671 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1848 | 0.6647 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1849 | 0.6588 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1850 | -0.2533 % change on previous year | -138.5% |
| 1851 | -0.8007 % change on previous year | +216.0% |
| 1852 | -0.3672 % change on previous year | -54.1% |
| 1853 | 0.9101 % change on previous year | -347.9% |
| 1854 | 0.8982 % change on previous year | -1.3% |
| 1855 | 0.8872 % change on previous year | -1.2% |
| 1856 | 3.9 % change on previous year | +339.6% |
| 1857 | 3.81 % change on previous year | -2.3% |
| 1858 | 3.72 % change on previous year | -2.2% |
| 1859 | 3.64 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1860 | 3.57 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1861 | 1.96 % change on previous year | -45.2% |
| 1862 | 1.85 % change on previous year | -5.4% |
| 1863 | 1.84 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1864 | 1.83 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1865 | 0.9445 % change on previous year | -48.5% |
| 1866 | -1.1 % change on previous year | -216.9% |
| 1867 | -1.11 % change on previous year | +0.5% |
| 1868 | -1.11 % change on previous year | +0.4% |
| 1869 | -1.52 % change on previous year | +36.5% |
| 1870 | -1.54 % change on previous year | +1.1% |
| 1871 | 5.03 % change on previous year | -427.2% |
| 1872 | 4.6 % change on previous year | -8.5% |
| 1873 | 4.41 % change on previous year | -4.2% |
| 1874 | 4.23 % change on previous year | -4.0% |
| 1875 | 3.94 % change on previous year | -6.7% |
| 1876 | -1.46 % change on previous year | -137.0% |
| 1877 | -1.47 % change on previous year | +1.0% |
| 1878 | -1.62 % change on previous year | +9.7% |
| 1879 | -1.64 % change on previous year | +1.3% |
| 1880 | -1.66 % change on previous year | +1.3% |
| 1881 | 1.02 % change on previous year | -161.2% |
| 1882 | 2.32 % change on previous year | +128.4% |
| 1883 | 1.65 % change on previous year | -28.8% |
| 1884 | 0.9338 % change on previous year | -43.4% |
| 1885 | 0.6412 % change on previous year | -31.3% |
| 1886 | 3.23 % change on previous year | +403.9% |
| 1887 | 3.5 % change on previous year | +8.4% |
| 1888 | 3.21 % change on previous year | -8.3% |
| 1889 | 3.37 % change on previous year | +4.9% |
| 1890 | 4.71 % change on previous year | +39.9% |
| 1891 | -5.51 % change on previous year | -216.9% |
| 1892 | -5.51 % change on previous year | -0.0% |
| 1893 | -5.66 % change on previous year | +2.8% |
| 1894 | -6.1 % change on previous year | +7.7% |
| 1895 | -6.6 % change on previous year | +8.1% |
| 1896 | 3.54 % change on previous year | -153.7% |
| 1897 | 3.41 % change on previous year | -3.6% |
| 1898 | 3.39 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1899 | 3.36 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1900 | 1.21 % change on previous year | -64.1% |
| 1901 | -0.3254 % change on previous year | -127.0% |
| 1902 | -0.269 % change on previous year | -17.4% |
| 1903 | -0.3729 % change on previous year | +38.7% |
| 1904 | -0.2755 % change on previous year | -26.1% |
| 1905 | -0.289 % change on previous year | +4.9% |
| 1906 | -4.15 % change on previous year | +1337.1% |
| 1907 | -4.34 % change on previous year | +4.6% |
| 1908 | -4.55 % change on previous year | +4.8% |
| 1909 | -4.78 % change on previous year | +5.0% |
| 1910 | -5.03 % change on previous year | +5.3% |
| 1911 | 4.99 % change on previous year | -199.2% |
| 1912 | 4.67 % change on previous year | -6.4% |
| 1913 | 4.53 % change on previous year | -3.0% |
| 1914 | 3.88 % change on previous year | -14.4% |
| 1915 | 3.69 % change on previous year | -4.8% |
| 1916 | -5.39 % change on previous year | -246.0% |
| 1917 | -5.74 % change on previous year | +6.4% |
| 1918 | -6 % change on previous year | +4.6% |
| 1919 | -6.43 % change on previous year | +7.1% |
| 1920 | -6.78 % change on previous year | +5.5% |
| 1921 | 3.88 % change on previous year | -157.3% |
| 1922 | 4.64 % change on previous year | +19.5% |
| 1923 | 3.98 % change on previous year | -14.1% |
| 1924 | 3.65 % change on previous year | -8.4% |
| 1925 | 3.57 % change on previous year | -2.2% |
| 1926 | -1.96 % change on previous year | -155.0% |
| 1927 | -2.23 % change on previous year | +13.7% |
| 1928 | 11.29 % change on previous year | -605.8% |
| 1929 | -1.94 % change on previous year | -117.2% |
| 1930 | 10.5 % change on previous year | -641.1% |
| 1931 | 0.0357 % change on previous year | -99.7% |
| 1932 | 10.79 % change on previous year | +30114.8% |
| 1933 | 9.69 % change on previous year | -10.2% |
| 1934 | 8.65 % change on previous year | -10.7% |
| 1935 | -0.6041 % change on previous year | -107.0% |
| 1936 | -3.55 % change on previous year | +488.4% |
| 1937 | -5.01 % change on previous year | +40.9% |
| 1938 | -4.79 % change on previous year | -4.4% |
| 1939 | 5.27 % change on previous year | -210.1% |
| 1940 | -13.77 % change on previous year | -361.2% |
| 1941 | 3.97 % change on previous year | -128.8% |
| 1942 | 3.76 % change on previous year | -5.4% |
| 1943 | 2.42 % change on previous year | -35.7% |
| 1944 | 2.59 % change on previous year | +7.4% |
| 1945 | 2.2 % change on previous year | -15.3% |
| 1946 | 4.16 % change on previous year | +89.3% |
| 1947 | 3.61 % change on previous year | -13.1% |
| 1948 | 2.98 % change on previous year | -17.7% |
| 1949 | 2.61 % change on previous year | -12.2% |
| 1950 | 133.37 % change on previous year | +5006.2% |
| 1951 | 27.95 % change on previous year | -79.0% |
| 1952 | -15.28 % change on previous year | -154.6% |
| 1953 | 16.25 % change on previous year | -206.3% |
| 1954 | 1.36 % change on previous year | -91.6% |
| 1955 | 8.43 % change on previous year | +518.6% |
| 1956 | -1.92 % change on previous year | -122.8% |
| 1957 | 4.8 % change on previous year | -349.3% |
| 1958 | 6.7 % change on previous year | +39.6% |
| 1959 | -1.82 % change on previous year | -127.1% |
| 1960 | 10.42 % change on previous year | -673.3% |
| 1961 | 10.06 % change on previous year | -3.5% |
| 1962 | 29.42 % change on previous year | +192.5% |
| 1963 | -24.98 % change on previous year | -184.9% |
| 1964 | -4.02 % change on previous year | -83.9% |
| 1965 | 10.02 % change on previous year | -349.4% |
| 1966 | 26.59 % change on previous year | +165.3% |
| 1967 | 25.67 % change on previous year | -3.5% |
| 1968 | 29.07 % change on previous year | +13.2% |
| 1969 | 8.38 % change on previous year | -71.2% |
| 1970 | -10.34 % change on previous year | -223.4% |
| 1972 | -3.35 % change on previous year | -67.6% |
| 1973 | -14.94 % change on previous year | +346.3% |
| 1974 | 74.13 % change on previous year | -596.3% |
| 1975 | -53.41 % change on previous year | -172.1% |
| 1976 | 0.1291 % change on previous year | -100.2% |
| 1977 | -8.32 % change on previous year | -6543.0% |
| 1978 | 45.74 % change on previous year | -650.0% |
| 1979 | -16.49 % change on previous year | -136.0% |
| 1980 | 20.4 % change on previous year | -223.7% |
| 1981 | -13.81 % change on previous year | -167.7% |
| 1982 | -12.56 % change on previous year | -9.1% |
| 1983 | 9.5 % change on previous year | -175.7% |
| 1984 | -23.3 % change on previous year | -345.1% |
| 1985 | 9.29 % change on previous year | -139.9% |
| 1986 | -28.07 % change on previous year | -402.3% |
| 1987 | 3.08 % change on previous year | -111.0% |
| 1988 | -14.08 % change on previous year | -557.1% |
| 1989 | -9.01 % change on previous year | -36.0% |
| 1990 | 201.41 % change on previous year | -2335.4% |
| 1991 | 17.6 % change on previous year | -91.3% |
| 1992 | -17.83 % change on previous year | -201.4% |
| 1993 | 19.02 % change on previous year | -206.7% |
| 1994 | -28.84 % change on previous year | -251.6% |
| 1995 | 11.95 % change on previous year | -141.4% |
| 1996 | 1.84 % change on previous year | -84.6% |
| 1997 | 8.52 % change on previous year | +363.6% |
| 1998 | 16.82 % change on previous year | +97.4% |
| 1999 | 10.61 % change on previous year | -36.9% |
| 2000 | -9.52 % change on previous year | -189.7% |
| 2001 | -18.36 % change on previous year | +92.9% |
| 2002 | -74.28 % change on previous year | +304.6% |
| 2003 | 10.35 % change on previous year | -113.9% |
| 2004 | 3.22 % change on previous year | -68.9% |
| 2005 | 3.76 % change on previous year | +16.7% |
| 2006 | 3.91 % change on previous year | +3.9% |
| 2007 | 45.61 % change on previous year | +1067.2% |
| 2008 | 17.16 % change on previous year | -62.4% |
| 2009 | 8.74 % change on previous year | -49.1% |
| 2010 | -11.2 % change on previous year | -228.2% |
| 2011 | -26.53 % change on previous year | +137.0% |
| 2012 | 40.84 % change on previous year | -253.9% |
| 2013 | -4.89 % change on previous year | -112.0% |
| 2014 | -3.51 % change on previous year | -28.1% |
| 2015 | -4.44 % change on previous year | +26.4% |
| 2016 | 3 % change on previous year | -167.7% |
| 2017 | 4.15 % change on previous year | +38.1% |
| 2018 | 0.4822 % change on previous year | -88.4% |
| 2019 | -0.5363 % change on previous year | -211.2% |
| 2020 | -37.4 % change on previous year | +6873.1% |
| 2021 | 11.73 % change on previous year | -131.4% |
| 2022 | -0.237 % change on previous year | -102.0% |
Barbados compared with similar countries
- Barbados's -0.237 % change on previous year is below the median for high income countries, which is 1.15 % change on previous year. (78 countries reporting)
- Barbados's -0.237 % change on previous year is above the median for Latin America & Caribbean, which is -0.9969 % change on previous year, 24% of the median. (41 countries reporting)
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | +30114.8% | 0.0357 % change on previous year | 10.79 % change on previous year |
| 2020 | -6873.1% | -0.5363 % change on previous year | -37.4 % change on previous year |
| 1977 | -6543.0% | 0.1291 % change on previous year | -8.32 % change on previous year |
| 1950 | +5006.2% | 2.61 % change on previous year | 133.37 % change on previous year |
| 1990 | +2335.4% | -9.01 % change on previous year | 201.41 % change on previous year |
| 1906 | -1337.1% | -0.289 % change on previous year | -4.15 % change on previous year |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1750s | 0.7485 % change on previous year | 0.7238 % change on previous year | 0.7744 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1760s | 0.7413 % change on previous year | 0.7179 % change on previous year | 0.7696 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1770s | 0.7362 % change on previous year | 0.7128 % change on previous year | 0.7644 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1780s | 0.7308 % change on previous year | 0.7082 % change on previous year | 0.7589 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1790s | 0.7246 % change on previous year | 0.7022 % change on previous year | 0.7529 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1800s | 0.7177 % change on previous year | 0.695 % change on previous year | 0.7461 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1810s | 0.7102 % change on previous year | 0.6875 % change on previous year | 0.7385 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1820s | 0.7017 % change on previous year | 0.6788 % change on previous year | 0.7299 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1830s | 0.6924 % change on previous year | 0.6696 % change on previous year | 0.7208 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1840s | 0.6819 % change on previous year | 0.6588 % change on previous year | 0.71 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1850s | 1.64 % change on previous year | -0.8007 % change on previous year | 3.9 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1860s | 0.715 % change on previous year | -1.52 % change on previous year | 3.57 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1870s | 1.45 % change on previous year | -1.64 % change on previous year | 5.03 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1880s | 1.82 % change on previous year | -1.66 % change on previous year | 3.5 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1890s | -1.1 % change on previous year | -6.6 % change on previous year | 4.71 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1900s | -1.82 % change on previous year | -4.78 % change on previous year | 1.21 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1910s | -0.6817 % change on previous year | -6.43 % change on previous year | 4.99 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1920s | 1.81 % change on previous year | -6.78 % change on previous year | 11.29 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1930s | 3.1 % change on previous year | -5.01 % change on previous year | 10.79 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1940s | 1.45 % change on previous year | -13.77 % change on previous year | 4.16 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1950s | 17.98 % change on previous year | -15.28 % change on previous year | 133.37 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1960s | 12.06 % change on previous year | -24.98 % change on previous year | 29.42 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1970s | 1.46 % change on previous year | -53.41 % change on previous year | 74.13 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1980s | -5.86 % change on previous year | -28.07 % change on previous year | 20.4 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1990s | 24.11 % change on previous year | -28.84 % change on previous year | 201.41 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2000s | -0.9416 % change on previous year | -74.28 % change on previous year | 45.61 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2010s | -0.2629 % change on previous year | -26.53 % change on previous year | 40.84 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2020s | -8.63 % change on previous year | -37.4 % change on previous year | 11.73 % change on previous year | 3 |
Countries ranked near Barbados
- 150 Malaysia -0.1223 % change on previous year compare
- 152 Antigua and Barbuda -0.2844 % change on previous year compare
- 153 Montenegro -0.3011 % change on previous year compare
- 154 Guadeloupe -0.3494 % change on previous year compare
More energy & mining data for Barbados
- Fossil fuel consumption by fuel, per capita 0 terawatt-hours per person (2024)
- Fossil fuel consumption by fuel, per unit of GDP 0 terawatt-hours per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Primary energy use, annual growth rate 1.22 % change on previous year (2024)
- Coal consumption, per capita 0 terawatt-hours per person (2024)
- Coal consumption, per unit of GDP 0 terawatt-hours per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Primary energy use, per unit of GDP 0 terawatt-hours per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Primary energy use, per capita 0 terawatt-hours per person (2024)
- Coal production, per capita 0 terawatt-hours per person (2024)
- Coal production, per unit of GDP 0 terawatt-hours per US$ of GDP (2024)
- Fuel imports 22.7% (2024)
Frequently asked questions
- What is sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados?
- Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Barbados was -0.237 % change on previous year in 2022, according to Statizoid (derived).
- What is the highest sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate recorded in Barbados?
- The highest recorded value was 201.41 % change on previous year in 1990.
- What is the lowest sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate recorded in Barbados?
- The lowest recorded value was -74.28 % change on previous year in 2002.
- How does Barbados rank for sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate?
- Barbados ranks 151st out of 219 countries with data for 2022.
- Is sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate rising or falling in Barbados?
- Over the last ten years it is down 100.6%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Barbados data come from?
- The figures come from Statizoid (derived), published as part of Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 271 observations, free to reuse under Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page.
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Sulphur dioxide and coal. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Coal consumption and sulphur dioxide emissions Hoesly et al. (2024) – Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Sulphur dioxide and coal. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.