Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe: Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate was -0.3494 % change on previous year in 2022. ◆ Volatile
Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe, 1751–2022
Source: Statizoid (derived). Measured in % change on previous year.
Analysis
Guadeloupe recorded -0.3494 % change on previous year for sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in 2022.
The figure is down 103.2% on the previous year and down 100.9% over ten years.
Over the whole period, sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe peaked at 257.77 % change on previous year in 1990 and was at its lowest, -70.38 % change on previous year, in 2002.
That places Guadeloupe 154th out of 219 countries with data for 2022, putting it in the middle of the range.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe, year by year
| Year | % change on previous year | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1751 | 0.7711 % change on previous year | — |
| 1752 | 0.7646 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1753 | 0.7582 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1754 | 0.7513 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1755 | 0.7451 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1756 | 0.739 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1757 | 0.733 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1758 | 0.7265 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1759 | 0.7207 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1760 | 0.715 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1761 | 0.7661 % change on previous year | +7.1% |
| 1762 | 0.7597 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1763 | 0.7534 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1764 | 0.7467 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1765 | 0.7401 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1766 | 0.7341 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1767 | 0.7282 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1768 | 0.7213 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1769 | 0.7162 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1770 | 0.71 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1771 | 0.7609 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1772 | 0.7541 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1773 | 0.7479 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1774 | 0.7413 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1775 | 0.7349 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1776 | 0.7285 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1777 | 0.7227 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1778 | 0.7161 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1779 | 0.7105 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1780 | 0.7045 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1781 | 0.7549 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1782 | 0.7487 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1783 | 0.7417 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1784 | 0.7353 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1785 | 0.7285 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1786 | 0.7228 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1787 | 0.7167 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1788 | 0.7102 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1789 | 0.7043 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1790 | 0.6985 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1791 | 0.7487 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1792 | 0.7418 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1793 | 0.735 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1794 | 0.7287 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1795 | 0.7221 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1796 | 0.7161 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1797 | 0.7097 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1798 | 0.7038 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1799 | 0.6976 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1800 | 0.6915 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1801 | 0.7414 % change on previous year | +7.2% |
| 1802 | 0.7343 % change on previous year | -1.0% |
| 1803 | 0.7281 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1804 | 0.7212 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1805 | 0.7148 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1806 | 0.7085 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1807 | 0.7023 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1808 | 0.6966 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1809 | 0.6902 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1810 | 0.6843 % change on previous year | -0.9% |
| 1811 | 0.2469 % change on previous year | -63.9% |
| 1812 | 0.2459 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1813 | 0.2449 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1814 | 0.2435 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1815 | 0.2422 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1816 | 0.2412 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1817 | 0.2402 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1818 | 0.2389 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1819 | 0.2379 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1820 | 0.2366 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1821 | 0.2383 % change on previous year | +0.7% |
| 1822 | 0.2366 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1823 | 0.2357 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1824 | 0.2344 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1825 | 0.2334 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1826 | 0.2321 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1827 | 0.2309 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1828 | 0.2299 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1829 | 0.2287 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1830 | 0.2274 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1831 | 0.228 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1832 | 0.2267 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1833 | 0.2255 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1834 | 0.2242 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1835 | 0.2234 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1836 | 0.2218 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1837 | 0.2209 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1838 | 0.2197 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1839 | 0.2181 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1840 | 0.2173 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1841 | 0.2168 % change on previous year | -0.2% |
| 1842 | 0.2156 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1843 | 0.214 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1844 | 0.2132 % change on previous year | -0.4% |
| 1845 | 0.2117 % change on previous year | -0.7% |
| 1846 | 0.2105 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1847 | 0.2093 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1848 | 0.2082 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1849 | 0.207 % change on previous year | -0.6% |
| 1850 | -3.95 % change on previous year | -2005.9% |
| 1851 | -0.0701 % change on previous year | -98.2% |
| 1852 | 0.4965 % change on previous year | -808.5% |
| 1853 | 2.07 % change on previous year | +316.9% |
| 1854 | 2.03 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1855 | 1.99 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1856 | 3.59 % change on previous year | +80.6% |
| 1857 | 3.51 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1858 | 3.44 % change on previous year | -2.0% |
| 1859 | 3.38 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1860 | 3.32 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1861 | 2.21 % change on previous year | -33.3% |
| 1862 | 2.08 % change on previous year | -5.9% |
| 1863 | 2.06 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1864 | 2.05 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1865 | 1.03 % change on previous year | -49.6% |
| 1866 | 1.03 % change on previous year | -0.1% |
| 1867 | 1.03 % change on previous year | -0.1% |
| 1868 | 1.03 % change on previous year | -0.1% |
| 1869 | 0.6058 % change on previous year | -41.1% |
| 1870 | 0.6128 % change on previous year | +1.2% |
| 1871 | 2.54 % change on previous year | +314.2% |
| 1872 | 2.28 % change on previous year | -10.0% |
| 1873 | 2.24 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1874 | 2.2 % change on previous year | -1.8% |
| 1875 | 2.03 % change on previous year | -7.6% |
| 1876 | -0.9077 % change on previous year | -144.6% |
| 1877 | -0.9077 % change on previous year | -0.0% |
| 1878 | -1.04 % change on previous year | +15.1% |
| 1879 | -1.05 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1880 | -1.05 % change on previous year | +0.3% |
| 1881 | -0.4992 % change on previous year | -52.5% |
| 1882 | 0.9057 % change on previous year | -281.4% |
| 1883 | 0.2263 % change on previous year | -75.0% |
| 1884 | -0.5302 % change on previous year | -334.3% |
| 1885 | -0.8449 % change on previous year | +59.3% |
| 1886 | -1.33 % change on previous year | +57.0% |
| 1887 | -0.9053 % change on previous year | -31.8% |
| 1888 | -1.12 % change on previous year | +24.0% |
| 1889 | -0.807 % change on previous year | -28.1% |
| 1890 | 1.11 % change on previous year | -237.1% |
| 1891 | 0.3518 % change on previous year | -68.2% |
| 1892 | 0.7645 % change on previous year | +117.3% |
| 1893 | 0.9544 % change on previous year | +24.8% |
| 1894 | 0.8362 % change on previous year | -12.4% |
| 1895 | 0.7245 % change on previous year | -13.4% |
| 1896 | -1.87 % change on previous year | -357.6% |
| 1897 | -1.91 % change on previous year | +2.2% |
| 1898 | -1.85 % change on previous year | -2.9% |
| 1899 | -1.8 % change on previous year | -3.0% |
| 1900 | -4.21 % change on previous year | +134.6% |
| 1901 | 3.07 % change on previous year | -172.8% |
| 1902 | 3.04 % change on previous year | -0.8% |
| 1903 | 2.83 % change on previous year | -7.1% |
| 1904 | 2.86 % change on previous year | +1.2% |
| 1905 | 2.77 % change on previous year | -3.3% |
| 1906 | -0.785 % change on previous year | -128.4% |
| 1907 | -0.807 % change on previous year | +2.8% |
| 1908 | -0.8294 % change on previous year | +2.8% |
| 1909 | -0.8523 % change on previous year | +2.8% |
| 1910 | -0.8755 % change on previous year | +2.7% |
| 1911 | -0.8451 % change on previous year | -3.5% |
| 1912 | -0.946 % change on previous year | +11.9% |
| 1913 | -0.8845 % change on previous year | -6.5% |
| 1914 | -1.46 % change on previous year | +65.3% |
| 1915 | -1.56 % change on previous year | +6.4% |
| 1916 | -2.02 % change on previous year | +30.0% |
| 1917 | -2.14 % change on previous year | +5.6% |
| 1918 | -2.09 % change on previous year | -2.1% |
| 1919 | -2.21 % change on previous year | +5.6% |
| 1920 | -2.17 % change on previous year | -1.9% |
| 1921 | 0.7009 % change on previous year | -132.3% |
| 1922 | 1.8 % change on previous year | +156.9% |
| 1923 | 1.21 % change on previous year | -33.0% |
| 1924 | 0.9623 % change on previous year | -20.3% |
| 1925 | 1.02 % change on previous year | +6.1% |
| 1926 | -2.69 % change on previous year | -363.3% |
| 1927 | -3.07 % change on previous year | +14.3% |
| 1928 | -2.91 % change on previous year | -5.2% |
| 1929 | -3.1 % change on previous year | +6.5% |
| 1930 | -2.88 % change on previous year | -7.3% |
| 1931 | 5.14 % change on previous year | -278.7% |
| 1932 | 4.3 % change on previous year | -16.4% |
| 1933 | 4.03 % change on previous year | -6.3% |
| 1934 | 3.56 % change on previous year | -11.8% |
| 1935 | 3.37 % change on previous year | -5.3% |
| 1936 | 3.36 % change on previous year | -0.3% |
| 1937 | 2.57 % change on previous year | -23.6% |
| 1938 | 2.76 % change on previous year | +7.5% |
| 1939 | 2.82 % change on previous year | +2.1% |
| 1940 | 2.25 % change on previous year | -20.2% |
| 1941 | -5.37 % change on previous year | -338.9% |
| 1942 | -5.16 % change on previous year | -3.9% |
| 1943 | -6.43 % change on previous year | +24.8% |
| 1944 | -5.85 % change on previous year | -9.1% |
| 1945 | -6.02 % change on previous year | +2.9% |
| 1946 | 5.9 % change on previous year | -198.0% |
| 1947 | 5.05 % change on previous year | -14.5% |
| 1948 | 4.19 % change on previous year | -17.0% |
| 1949 | 3.73 % change on previous year | -11.1% |
| 1950 | 175.28 % change on previous year | +4602.7% |
| 1951 | 4.9 % change on previous year | -97.2% |
| 1952 | 0.6306 % change on previous year | -87.1% |
| 1953 | 0.3502 % change on previous year | -44.5% |
| 1954 | 7.01 % change on previous year | +1901.3% |
| 1955 | 6.29 % change on previous year | -10.3% |
| 1956 | 8.26 % change on previous year | +31.4% |
| 1957 | 13.03 % change on previous year | +57.7% |
| 1958 | -0.8911 % change on previous year | -106.8% |
| 1959 | 21.2 % change on previous year | -2479.4% |
| 1960 | 7.17 % change on previous year | -66.2% |
| 1961 | 8.49 % change on previous year | +18.4% |
| 1962 | 5.06 % change on previous year | -40.4% |
| 1963 | 8.14 % change on previous year | +61.0% |
| 1964 | 4.51 % change on previous year | -44.6% |
| 1965 | -4.34 % change on previous year | -196.3% |
| 1966 | 21.38 % change on previous year | -592.2% |
| 1967 | 13.53 % change on previous year | -36.7% |
| 1968 | -2.57 % change on previous year | -119.0% |
| 1969 | 10.27 % change on previous year | -499.6% |
| 1970 | -2.13 % change on previous year | -120.7% |
| 1971 | 11.88 % change on previous year | -658.0% |
| 1972 | 7.48 % change on previous year | -37.0% |
| 1973 | 6.9 % change on previous year | -7.7% |
| 1974 | -18.09 % change on previous year | -362.1% |
| 1975 | 55.21 % change on previous year | -405.1% |
| 1976 | 16.21 % change on previous year | -70.6% |
| 1977 | -3.22 % change on previous year | -119.9% |
| 1978 | 19.92 % change on previous year | -717.9% |
| 1979 | -2.64 % change on previous year | -113.2% |
| 1980 | 79.89 % change on previous year | -3127.6% |
| 1981 | 41.58 % change on previous year | -48.0% |
| 1982 | 0.2136 % change on previous year | -99.5% |
| 1983 | 3.59 % change on previous year | +1581.4% |
| 1984 | -6.3 % change on previous year | -275.4% |
| 1985 | 26.18 % change on previous year | -515.5% |
| 1986 | -5.12 % change on previous year | -119.6% |
| 1987 | 3.67 % change on previous year | -171.6% |
| 1988 | 5.98 % change on previous year | +63.2% |
| 1989 | -7.5 % change on previous year | -225.4% |
| 1990 | 257.77 % change on previous year | -3536.4% |
| 1991 | 9.33 % change on previous year | -96.4% |
| 1992 | 7.06 % change on previous year | -24.4% |
| 1993 | 2.36 % change on previous year | -66.6% |
| 1994 | 3.4 % change on previous year | +44.2% |
| 1995 | 3.66 % change on previous year | +7.8% |
| 1996 | 0.4978 % change on previous year | -86.4% |
| 1997 | 2.33 % change on previous year | +368.1% |
| 1998 | 0.0242 % change on previous year | -99.0% |
| 1999 | 11 % change on previous year | +45455.7% |
| 2000 | 13.76 % change on previous year | +25.1% |
| 2001 | -3.2 % change on previous year | -123.2% |
| 2002 | -70.38 % change on previous year | +2101.9% |
| 2003 | 8.65 % change on previous year | -112.3% |
| 2004 | -4.44 % change on previous year | -151.3% |
| 2005 | -2.63 % change on previous year | -40.7% |
| 2006 | -5.62 % change on previous year | +113.5% |
| 2007 | 1.6 % change on previous year | -128.4% |
| 2008 | 3.2 % change on previous year | +100.4% |
| 2009 | 6.39 % change on previous year | +99.6% |
| 2010 | -6.66 % change on previous year | -204.3% |
| 2011 | -29 % change on previous year | +335.4% |
| 2012 | 37.73 % change on previous year | -230.1% |
| 2013 | -4.67 % change on previous year | -112.4% |
| 2014 | -3.68 % change on previous year | -21.2% |
| 2015 | -1.12 % change on previous year | -69.6% |
| 2016 | 2.59 % change on previous year | -331.3% |
| 2017 | 4.12 % change on previous year | +59.4% |
| 2018 | 0.2979 % change on previous year | -92.8% |
| 2019 | -0.8039 % change on previous year | -369.9% |
| 2020 | -33.97 % change on previous year | +4125.3% |
| 2021 | 10.81 % change on previous year | -131.8% |
| 2022 | -0.3494 % change on previous year | -103.2% |
Biggest year-on-year movements
Years where Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe changed far more than this series normally does. A large move can be a real event or a change in how the figure was measured — the source note below says who published it.
| Year | Change | From | To |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | +45455.7% | 0.0242 % change on previous year | 11 % change on previous year |
| 1950 | +4602.7% | 3.73 % change on previous year | 175.28 % change on previous year |
| 2020 | -4125.3% | -0.8039 % change on previous year | -33.97 % change on previous year |
| 1990 | +3536.4% | -7.5 % change on previous year | 257.77 % change on previous year |
| 1980 | +3127.6% | -2.64 % change on previous year | 79.89 % change on previous year |
| 1959 | +2479.4% | -0.8911 % change on previous year | 21.2 % change on previous year |
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1750s | 0.7455 % change on previous year | 0.7207 % change on previous year | 0.7711 % change on previous year | 9 |
| 1760s | 0.7381 % change on previous year | 0.715 % change on previous year | 0.7661 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1770s | 0.7327 % change on previous year | 0.71 % change on previous year | 0.7609 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1780s | 0.7268 % change on previous year | 0.7043 % change on previous year | 0.7549 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1790s | 0.7202 % change on previous year | 0.6976 % change on previous year | 0.7487 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1800s | 0.7129 % change on previous year | 0.6902 % change on previous year | 0.7414 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1810s | 0.2866 % change on previous year | 0.2379 % change on previous year | 0.6843 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1820s | 0.2337 % change on previous year | 0.2287 % change on previous year | 0.2383 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1830s | 0.2236 % change on previous year | 0.2181 % change on previous year | 0.228 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1840s | 0.2124 % change on previous year | 0.207 % change on previous year | 0.2173 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1850s | 1.65 % change on previous year | -3.95 % change on previous year | 3.59 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1860s | 1.64 % change on previous year | 0.6058 % change on previous year | 3.32 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1870s | 0.8006 % change on previous year | -1.05 % change on previous year | 2.54 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1880s | -0.5955 % change on previous year | -1.33 % change on previous year | 0.9057 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1890s | -0.2684 % change on previous year | -1.91 % change on previous year | 1.11 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1900s | 0.7075 % change on previous year | -4.21 % change on previous year | 3.07 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1910s | -1.5 % change on previous year | -2.21 % change on previous year | -0.8451 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1920s | -0.8255 % change on previous year | -3.1 % change on previous year | 1.8 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1930s | 2.9 % change on previous year | -2.88 % change on previous year | 5.14 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1940s | -0.7715 % change on previous year | -6.43 % change on previous year | 5.9 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1950s | 23.61 % change on previous year | -0.8911 % change on previous year | 175.28 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1960s | 7.16 % change on previous year | -4.34 % change on previous year | 21.38 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1970s | 9.15 % change on previous year | -18.09 % change on previous year | 55.21 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1980s | 14.22 % change on previous year | -7.5 % change on previous year | 79.89 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 1990s | 29.74 % change on previous year | 0.0242 % change on previous year | 257.77 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2000s | -5.27 % change on previous year | -70.38 % change on previous year | 13.76 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2010s | -0.1183 % change on previous year | -29 % change on previous year | 37.73 % change on previous year | 10 |
| 2020s | -7.84 % change on previous year | -33.97 % change on previous year | 10.81 % change on previous year | 3 |
Countries ranked near Guadeloupe
- 151 Barbados -0.237 % change on previous year compare
- 152 Antigua and Barbuda -0.2844 % change on previous year compare
- 153 Montenegro -0.3011 % change on previous year compare
- 155 Portugal -0.3603 % change on previous year compare
- 156 El Salvador -0.3638 % change on previous year compare
- 157 Saint Pierre and Miquelon -0.3794 % change on previous year compare
More energy & mining data for Guadeloupe
- Primary energy use, annual growth rate -100 % change on previous year (2012)
- Gas production 0 terawatt-hours (2011)
- Fossil fuel production per person, by fuel 0 kilowatt-hours per person (2011)
- Fossil fuel production by fuel 0 terawatt-hours (2011)
- Gas production per person 0 kilowatt-hours per person (2011)
- Primary energy use, annual growth rate -100 % change on previous year (2012)
- Fossil fuel consumption, annual growth rate -100 % change on previous year (2012)
- Annual change in primary energy use, annual growth rate 100 % change on previous year (2013)
- Primary energy use, annual growth rate -100 % change on previous year (2012)
- Oil consumption, annual growth rate 9.52 % change on previous year (2011)
Frequently asked questions
- What is sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe?
- Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate in Guadeloupe was -0.3494 % change on previous year in 2022, according to Statizoid (derived).
- What is the highest sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate recorded in Guadeloupe?
- The highest recorded value was 257.77 % change on previous year in 1990.
- What is the lowest sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate recorded in Guadeloupe?
- The lowest recorded value was -70.38 % change on previous year in 2002.
- How does Guadeloupe rank for sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate?
- Guadeloupe ranks 154th out of 219 countries with data for 2022.
- Is sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate rising or falling in Guadeloupe?
- Over the last ten years it is down 100.9%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Guadeloupe data come from?
- The figures come from Statizoid (derived), published as part of Sulphur dioxide and coal, annual growth rate. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 272 observations, free to reuse under Derived by Statizoid from the sources named on the page.
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Sulphur dioxide and coal. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Coal consumption and sulphur dioxide emissions Hoesly et al. (2024) – Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Sulphur dioxide and coal. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.