Annual change in primary energy use, per square kilometre by country
Annual change in primary energy use divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Countries reporting
202
Highest
0.0754 terawatt-hours per square kilometre
Singapore
Lowest
-0.0018 terawatt-hours per square kilometre
Belgium
Median
0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre
Years covered
58
1966–2023
Data points
9,193
What the numbers show
Annual change in primary energy use, per square kilometre is currently reported for 202 countries. The highest value is 0.0754 terawatt-hours per square kilometre in Singapore; the lowest is -0.0018 terawatt-hours per square kilometre in Belgium.
The median across all reporting countries is 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre, and the mean is 0.0008 terawatt-hours per square kilometre.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 41.
Over the past decade 108 countries rose and 91 fell. The largest increase was in Antigua and Barbuda (up 31,910.0%), and the largest decrease in Poland (down 7,748.1%).
Annual change in primary energy use, per square kilometre: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singapore | 0.0754 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11,660.3% | volatile |
| 2 | Hong Kong, China | 0.0318 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 291.4% | volatile |
| 3 | Macau, China | 0.0226 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 258.8% | volatile |
| 4 | Malta | 0.0075 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 269.6% | volatile |
| 5 | Bahrain | 0.0062 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 76.8% | volatile |
| 6 | Qatar | 0.0036 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.7% | volatile |
| 7 | Barbados | 0.0018 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 602.9% | volatile |
| 8 | Puerto Rico | 0.0017 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 210.1% | volatile |
| 9 | Cayman Islands | 0.0017 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,385.6% | volatile |
| 10 | United States Virgin Islands | 0.0012 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 108.0% | volatile |
| 11 | United Arab Emirates | 0.0012 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 52.2% | volatile |
| 12 | Kuwait | 0.0011 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 25.9% | volatile |
| 13 | Seychelles | 0.0008 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 187.8% | volatile |
| 14 | Naoero | 0.0007 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 68.4% | volatile |
| 15 | Mauritius | 0.0005 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 309.6% | volatile |
| 16 | Grenada | 0.0005 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.8% | volatile |
| 17 | Maldives | 0.0005 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 59.3% | volatile |
| 18 | Lebanon | 0.0004 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 616.6% | volatile |
| 19 | Bermuda | 0.0004 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 93.5% | volatile |
| 20 | Viet Nam | 0.0004 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 336.1% | volatile |
| 21 | Jamaica | 0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.2% | volatile |
| 22 | El Salvador | 0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 712.0% | volatile |
| 23 | China | 0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 128.4% | volatile |
| 24 | India | 0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 294.2% | volatile |
| 25 | Philippines | 0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 187.4% | volatile |
| 26 | Switzerland | 0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.0% | volatile |
| 27 | American Samoa | 0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 414.9% | volatile |
| 28 | France | 0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 523.5% | volatile |
| 29 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 127.9% | volatile |
| 30 | Bahamas | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 256.9% | volatile |
| 31 | Tonga | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 30.6% | volatile |
| 32 | Iraq | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.2% | volatile |
| 33 | Fiji | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 308.2% | volatile |
| 34 | Croatia | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 269.3% | volatile |
| 35 | Saint Lucia | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,410.5% | volatile |
| 36 | Sri Lanka | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 218.7% | volatile |
| 37 | Slovakia | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.6% | volatile |
| 38 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 39 | Bangladesh | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.5% | volatile |
| 40 | Azerbaijan | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.7% | volatile |
| 41 | British Virgin Islands | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 42 | Costa Rica | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 361.0% | volatile |
| 43 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31,910.0% | volatile |
| 44 | Faroe Islands | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 64.2% | volatile |
| 45 | Cambodia | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,613.4% | volatile |
| 46 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.8% | volatile |
| 47 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 557.6% | volatile |
| 48 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 483.2% | volatile |
| 49 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 392.1% | volatile |
| 50 | French Polynesia | 0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,761.1% | volatile |
| 51 | Honduras | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 960.5% | volatile |
| 52 | Benin | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,262.7% | volatile |
| 53 | Dominica | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 284.9% | volatile |
| 54 | South Africa | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13,962.9% | volatile |
| 55 | Rwanda | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 481.9% | volatile |
| 56 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 112.4% | volatile |
| 57 | Eswatini | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 433.7% | volatile |
| 58 | North Macedonia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 140.8% | volatile |
| 59 | Oman | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 69.0% | volatile |
| 60 | Uzbekistan | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 255.7% | volatile |
| 61 | Ecuador | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.8% | volatile |
| 62 | Finland | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 55.7% | volatile |
| 63 | Mexico | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 107.6% | volatile |
| 64 | Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 131.2% | volatile |
| 65 | Togo | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,143.2% | volatile |
| 66 | Samoa | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 349.0% | volatile |
| 67 | Panama | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 239.0% | volatile |
| 68 | Montenegro | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 139.6% | volatile |
| 69 | Ghana | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 60.5% | volatile |
| 70 | Lithuania | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 124.3% | volatile |
| 71 | Saudi Arabia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 172.0% | volatile |
| 72 | Indonesia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 132.3% | volatile |
| 73 | Kyrgyzstan | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 235.4% | volatile |
| 74 | Belarus | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 112.9% | volatile |
| 75 | Côte d'Ivoire | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.0% | volatile |
| 76 | Norway | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 137.9% | volatile |
| 77 | Belize | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 288.4% | volatile |
| 78 | New Zealand | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 19.5% | volatile |
| 79 | Senegal | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 149.9% | volatile |
| 80 | Zambia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 947.1% | volatile |
| 81 | Thailand | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 69.2% | volatile |
| 82 | New Caledonia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 75.1% | volatile |
| 83 | Gambia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,455.8% | volatile |
| 84 | Mongolia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 248.7% | volatile |
| 85 | Uruguay | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 184.4% | volatile |
| 86 | Vanuatu | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 691.4% | volatile |
| 87 | Guyana | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 987.0% | volatile |
| 88 | Iceland | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 28.0% | volatile |
| 89 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.3% | volatile |
| 90 | Kazakhstan | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,371.3% | volatile |
| 91 | Brazil | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 47.1% | volatile |
| 92 | Algeria | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 35.4% | volatile |
| 93 | Micronesia, Federated States of | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 83.3% | volatile |
| 94 | Russian Federation | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 198.5% | volatile |
| 95 | Kiribati | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 110.9% | volatile |
| 96 | Tajikistan | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 45.1% | volatile |
| 97 | Burkina Faso | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 17.6% | volatile |
| 98 | Ethiopia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.4% | volatile |
| 99 | Sierra Leone | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 42.3% | volatile |
| 100 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 584.8% | volatile |
| 101 | Nicaragua | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.3% | volatile |
| 102 | Peru | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 19.4% | volatile |
| 103 | Morocco | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 35.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Cyprus | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 101.1% | volatile |
| 105 | Latvia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 171.9% | volatile |
| 106 | Guatemala | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 90.9% | volatile |
| 107 | Kenya | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 62.9% | volatile |
| 108 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.2% | volatile |
| 109 | Djibouti | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 55.1% | volatile |
| 110 | Colombia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 91.5% | volatile |
| 111 | Eritrea | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 210.1% | volatile |
| 112 | Angola | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 82.9% | volatile |
| 113 | Niger | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.1% | volatile |
| 114 | Solomon Islands | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 507.6% | volatile |
| 115 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 66.6% | volatile |
| 116 | Namibia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 28.8% | volatile |
| 117 | Mozambique | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 91.7% | volatile |
| 118 | South Sudan | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.5% | volatile |
| 119 | Somalia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 120 | Liberia | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 101.5% | volatile |
| 121 | Central African Republic | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 102.8% | volatile |
| 122 | Greenland | 0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 109.5% | volatile |
| 125 | Bhutan | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 126 | Malawi | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 107.5% | volatile |
| 127 | Gabon | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 117.9% | volatile |
| 128 | Congo | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 100.9% | volatile |
| 129 | Chad | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 585.8% | volatile |
| 130 | Guinea | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 88.0% | volatile |
| 131 | Madagascar | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 174.5% | volatile |
| 132 | Mali | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 214.4% | volatile |
| 133 | Uganda | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 117.6% | volatile |
| 134 | Mauritania | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.4% | volatile |
| 135 | Libya | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 114.5% | volatile |
| 136 | Timor-Leste | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 103.2% | volatile |
| 137 | Canada | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 117.4% | volatile |
| 138 | Australia | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 227.6% | volatile |
| 139 | Guinea-Bissau | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 393.5% | volatile |
| 140 | Argentina | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 179.6% | volatile |
| 141 | Cameroon | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.6% | volatile |
| 142 | Afghanistan | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 32.5% | volatile |
| 143 | Myanmar | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 140.9% | volatile |
| 144 | Burundi | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 222.7% | volatile |
| 145 | Tunisia | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 125.4% | volatile |
| 146 | Yemen | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 116.1% | volatile |
| 147 | Zimbabwe | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 343.5% | volatile |
| 148 | Suriname | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 122.6% | volatile |
| 149 | Botswana | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4,072.4% | volatile |
| 150 | Papua New Guinea | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1,132.6% | volatile |
| 151 | Türkiye | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.4% | volatile |
| 152 | Sudan | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2,073.9% | volatile |
| 153 | Georgia | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 118.1% | volatile |
| 154 | Cape Verde | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.7% | volatile |
| 155 | Dominican Republic | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 86.6% | volatile |
| 156 | Egypt | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 124.4% | volatile |
| 157 | Slovenia | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 86.6% | volatile |
| 158 | Austria | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.9% | volatile |
| 159 | Paraguay | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1,471.0% | volatile |
| 160 | Lesotho | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2,023.0% | volatile |
| 161 | Chile | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 240.3% | volatile |
| 162 | Serbia | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 4.8% | volatile |
| 163 | Nepal | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 376.4% | volatile |
| 164 | Nigeria | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 126.4% | volatile |
| 165 | Equatorial Guinea | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 221.9% | volatile |
| 166 | United States of America | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 144.4% | volatile |
| 167 | Romania | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 74.1% | volatile |
| 168 | Armenia | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 99.7% | volatile |
| 169 | Sweden | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 40.4% | volatile |
| 170 | Ukraine | -0 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 65.4% | volatile |
| 171 | Albania | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 138.4% | volatile |
| 172 | Turkmenistan | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.4% | volatile |
| 173 | Palestine, State of | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 138.7% | volatile |
| 174 | Malaysia | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 149.4% | volatile |
| 175 | Jordan | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 862.0% | volatile |
| 176 | Portugal | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 186.3% | volatile |
| 177 | Cuba | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 69.4% | volatile |
| 178 | Greece | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 53.0% | volatile |
| 179 | Pakistan | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 709.7% | volatile |
| 180 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 30.5% | volatile |
| 181 | Spain | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.2% | volatile |
| 182 | Ireland | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 172.7% | volatile |
| 183 | Comoros | -0.0001 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 277.0% | volatile |
| 184 | Israel | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 78.6% | volatile |
| 185 | Hungary | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.4% | volatile |
| 186 | Estonia | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 284.5% | volatile |
| 187 | Haiti | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 851.4% | volatile |
| 188 | Republic of Moldova | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 723.6% | volatile |
| 189 | Poland | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7,748.1% | volatile |
| 190 | Denmark | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 254.5% | volatile |
| 191 | Brunei Darussalam | -0.0002 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 56.7% | volatile |
| 192 | Bulgaria | -0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 80.7% | volatile |
| 193 | Aruba | -0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 71.9% | volatile |
| 194 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | -0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7,560.0% | volatile |
| 195 | Italy | -0.0003 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.1% | volatile |
| 196 | Japan | -0.0004 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 82.3% | volatile |
| 197 | Guam | -0.0004 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.1% | volatile |
| 198 | Czechia | -0.0005 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 316.9% | volatile |
| 199 | Luxembourg | -0.0006 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.1% | volatile |
| 200 | Korea | -0.0007 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1,300.2% | volatile |
| 201 | Netherlands | -0.0009 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | up 16.6% | volatile |
| 202 | Germany | -0.0009 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 431.8% | volatile |
| 203 | Trinidad and Tobago | -0.0018 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 441.6% | volatile |
| 204 | Belgium | -0.0018 terawatt-hours per square kilometre | 2023 | down 451.0% | volatile |
How this figure is calculated
Annual change in primary energy use divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Annual change in primary energy use ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- Annual change in primary energy use Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2026); U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026) – with major processing by Our World in Data
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Annual change in primary energy use divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.