Explicit fossil fuel subsidies as a share of GDP by country
Subsidies are pre-tax and for both the production and consumption of fossil fuels. Production subsidies reduce the cost of producing coal, oil or gas. Consumption subsidies cut fuel prices for the end user, such as by fixing the price at the petrol pump so that it is less than the market rate.
Countries reporting
184
Highest
21.3%
Venezuela
Lowest
0.0%
Montserrat
Median
0.2%
Years covered
12
2010–2021
Data points
2,094
What the numbers show
Explicit fossil fuel subsidies as a share of GDP is currently reported for 184 countries. The highest value is 21.3% in Venezuela; the lowest is 0.0% in Montserrat.
The median across all reporting countries is 0.2%, and the mean is 1.3%.
Over the past decade 33 countries rose and 71 fell. The largest increase was in Haiti (up 2,100.0%), and the largest decrease in Botswana (down 100.0%).
Explicit fossil fuel subsidies as a share of GDP: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Venezuela | 21.3% | 2021 | up 181.4% | rising |
| 2 | Turkmenistan | 18.3% | 2021 | down 29.1% | falling |
| 3 | Algeria | 13.6% | 2021 | up 15.6% | falling |
| 4 | Iran | 12.3% | 2021 | down 30.0% | falling |
| 5 | Uzbekistan | 11.2% | 2021 | down 48.6% | volatile |
| 6 | Libya | 10.4% | 2021 | down 24.6% | falling |
| 7 | Lebanon | 9.5% | 2020 | up 211.5% | rising |
| 8 | Kuwait | 7.8% | 2021 | down 5.3% | falling |
| 9 | Bahrain | 6.9% | 2021 | down 19.1% | volatile |
| 10 | Egypt | 6.2% | 2021 | down 34.1% | falling |
| 11 | Saudi Arabia | 6.1% | 2021 | down 51.7% | falling |
| 12 | Iraq | 5.9% | 2021 | down 49.3% | volatile |
| 13 | Tajikistan | 5.8% | 2020 | up 186.1% | rising |
| 14 | Kazakhstan | 5.4% | 2021 | down 2.7% | falling |
| 15 | Palestine | 5.1% | 2020 | up 56.7% | rising |
| 16 | Kyrgyzstan | 4.7% | 2020 | down 27.0% | falling |
| 17 | United Arab Emirates | 4.5% | 2021 | down 33.4% | volatile |
| 18 | Bulgaria | 4.5% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 19 | Suriname | 4.5% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 20 | Trinidad and Tobago | 4.2% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 21 | Qatar | 4.2% | 2021 | down 0.2% | volatile |
| 22 | Bolivia | 3.4% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 23 | Angola | 3.1% | 2021 | up 93.8% | volatile |
| 24 | Mauritania | 2.9% | 2020 | up 374.2% | volatile |
| 25 | East Timor | 2.8% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 26 | Sudan | 2.3% | 2020 | up 75.8% | volatile |
| 27 | Bangladesh | 2.2% | 2021 | down 38.3% | volatile |
| 27 | Brunei | 2.2% | 2021 | down 42.6% | volatile |
| 29 | Pakistan | 2.2% | 2021 | down 54.2% | volatile |
| 30 | Mexico | 1.9% | 2021 | up 21.2% | volatile |
| 30 | Russia | 1.9% | 2021 | up 228.8% | volatile |
| 32 | Djibouti | 1.8% | 2020 | up 378.4% | volatile |
| 33 | Argentina | 1.7% | 2021 | up 33.9% | falling |
| 34 | Aruba | 1.6% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 35 | Ukraine | 1.6% | 2021 | down 30.6% | falling |
| 36 | Ecuador | 1.6% | 2021 | down 73.3% | volatile |
| 37 | Maldives | 1.5% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 38 | Papua New Guinea | 1.4% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 39 | Indonesia | 1.4% | 2021 | down 68.2% | volatile |
| 40 | Vietnam | 1.3% | 2021 | down 45.2% | volatile |
| 41 | Colombia | 1.2% | 2021 | up 39.3% | falling |
| 42 | Sri Lanka | 1.2% | 2021 | down 10.7% | volatile |
| 43 | Greece | 1.1% | 2021 | down 26.4% | falling |
| 43 | Lithuania | 1.1% | 2021 | up 86.0% | rising |
| 45 | South Africa | 1.0% | 2021 | up 10.9% | rising |
| 46 | Nigeria | 1.0% | 2021 | down 35.7% | volatile |
| 47 | Madagascar | 0.9% | 2020 | up 19.0% | falling |
| 48 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.9% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 48 | Niger | 0.9% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 50 | Togo | 0.9% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 51 | Benin | 0.9% | 2020 | down 33.8% | volatile |
| 52 | Malaysia | 0.8% | 2021 | down 68.0% | volatile |
| 53 | Zambia | 0.8% | 2020 | down 89.3% | volatile |
| 54 | Ghana | 0.8% | 2021 | up 107.7% | volatile |
| 54 | Myanmar | 0.8% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 56 | Moldova | 0.8% | 2021 | down 38.9% | falling |
| 57 | North Macedonia | 0.8% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 58 | Belgium | 0.8% | 2021 | up 15.4% | rising |
| 59 | Tunisia | 0.7% | 2020 | down 23.7% | falling |
| 60 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.7% | 2020 | up 60.0% | volatile |
| 61 | Chile | 0.7% | 2021 | up 141.4% | rising |
| 62 | Serbia | 0.7% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 63 | Italy | 0.7% | 2021 | up 28.8% | rising |
| 64 | Australia | 0.7% | 2021 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 64 | Bahamas | 0.7% | 2020 | — | rising |
| 64 | Croatia | 0.7% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 67 | Ethiopia | 0.6% | 2020 | down 36.1% | falling |
| 68 | Latvia | 0.6% | 2021 | down 38.1% | falling |
| 69 | Finland | 0.6% | 2021 | up 34.1% | rising |
| 70 | Thailand | 0.5% | 2021 | down 70.3% | volatile |
| 71 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.5% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 72 | Sweden | 0.5% | 2021 | down 31.9% | falling |
| 73 | Denmark | 0.4% | 2021 | down 12.0% | falling |
| 74 | Laos | 0.4% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 75 | Brazil | 0.4% | 2021 | down 79.9% | volatile |
| 75 | France | 0.4% | 2021 | up 56.0% | rising |
| 75 | Mauritius | 0.4% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 78 | Romania | 0.4% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 78 | Rwanda | 0.4% | 2020 | up 20.0% | volatile |
| 78 | Turkey | 0.4% | 2021 | up 125.0% | rising |
| 81 | Gabon | 0.3% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 81 | Israel | 0.3% | 2021 | up 23.1% | rising |
| 83 | Jordan | 0.3% | 2020 | down 74.4% | volatile |
| 84 | Afghanistan | 0.3% | 2020 | up 30.4% | volatile |
| 84 | Portugal | 0.3% | 2021 | up 20.0% | rising |
| 86 | Azerbaijan | 0.3% | 2021 | down 70.7% | volatile |
| 87 | Cyprus | 0.3% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 88 | Central African Republic | 0.2% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 88 | Slovenia | 0.2% | 2021 | down 28.6% | falling |
| 88 | Chad | 0.2% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 91 | Austria | 0.2% | 2021 | down 27.3% | falling |
| 92 | Hong Kong | 0.2% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 92 | Honduras | 0.2% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 94 | Switzerland | 0.2% | 2021 | down 42.1% | falling |
| 94 | Germany | 0.2% | 2021 | down 45.0% | falling |
| 94 | Haiti | 0.2% | 2020 | up 2,100.0% | volatile |
| 97 | Oman | 0.2% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 98 | Belarus | 0.2% | 2021 | down 32.1% | volatile |
| 98 | Canada | 0.2% | 2021 | down 5.0% | falling |
| 98 | Czechia | 0.2% | 2021 | down 17.4% | falling |
| 101 | Paraguay | 0.2% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 102 | Cameroon | 0.2% | 2020 | down 92.6% | volatile |
| 102 | Nicaragua | 0.2% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 102 | Netherlands | 0.2% | 2021 | up 142.9% | volatile |
| 105 | China | 0.2% | 2021 | down 40.7% | falling |
| 105 | Hungary | 0.2% | 2021 | down 61.9% | falling |
| 107 | Estonia | 0.1% | 2021 | down 76.2% | volatile |
| 107 | India | 0.1% | 2021 | down 82.1% | falling |
| 109 | Spain | 0.1% | 2021 | down 51.7% | falling |
| 109 | Mongolia | 0.1% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 111 | Costa Rica | 0.1% | 2021 | unchanged | rising |
| 112 | Georgia | 0.1% | 2021 | up 120.0% | volatile |
| 112 | Cambodia | 0.1% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 112 | Mali | 0.1% | 2020 | down 90.7% | volatile |
| 115 | Burkina Faso | 0.1% | 2020 | down 88.1% | volatile |
| 115 | Morocco | 0.1% | 2020 | down 76.2% | volatile |
| 115 | Sierra Leone | 0.1% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 118 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.1% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 118 | South Korea | 0.1% | 2021 | down 35.7% | falling |
| 118 | Lesotho | 0.1% | 2020 | down 93.4% | volatile |
| 118 | Norway | 0.1% | 2021 | down 40.0% | falling |
| 122 | Peru | 0.1% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 123 | Fiji | 0.1% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 123 | Japan | 0.1% | 2021 | unchanged | falling |
| 125 | United States | 0.1% | 2021 | down 16.7% | falling |
| 126 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.0% | 2020 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 127 | Bhutan | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 127 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 127 | Nepal | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 130 | Armenia | 0.0% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 130 | Nauru | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 130 | New Zealand | 0.0% | 2021 | down 50.0% | volatile |
| 130 | Philippines | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 130 | Senegal | 0.0% | 2020 | down 99.6% | volatile |
| 130 | Slovakia | 0.0% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Burundi | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Belize | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Barbados | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Botswana | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Cote d'Ivoire | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Congo | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Comoros | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Cape Verde | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Dominica | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Dominican Republic | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Eritrea | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | United Kingdom | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Guinea | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Gambia | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Grenada | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Guatemala | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Guyana | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Iceland | 0.0% | 2021 | — | flat |
| 137 | Jamaica | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Kenya | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Kiribati | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Liberia | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Saint Lucia | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Macao | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Montenegro | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Mozambique | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Malawi | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Namibia | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Panama | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Poland | 0.0% | 2021 | — | flat |
| 137 | Puerto Rico | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Singapore | 0.0% | 2021 | — | flat |
| 137 | Solomon Islands | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | El Salvador | 0.0% | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Somalia | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | South Sudan | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Eswatini | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Seychelles | 0.0% | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 137 | Syria | 0.0% | 2017 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Tonga | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Uganda | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Uruguay | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Vanuatu | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Samoa | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
| 137 | Yemen | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Zimbabwe | 0.0% | 2020 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Montserrat | 0.0% | 2020 | — | flat |
About this data
Subsidies are pre-tax and for both the production and consumption of fossil fuels. Production subsidies reduce the cost of producing coal, oil or gas. Consumption subsidies cut fuel prices for the end user, such as by fixing the price at the petrol pump so that it is less than the market rate.